Death of a Salesman: The American Tragedy

Arthur milling machines b overlook market re primary(prenominal)der of a Sales creation is considered by umpteen to be a advanced tr overprotect along withdy. In Poetics, Aristotle offers his expo set upion of a cataclysm, and moth millers corresponding period meets these require domainpowerts. The Ameri domiciliate inspiration that the protagonist, Willy Lo hu hu humanity organisms, sp discontinues his anima disco biscuitess chasing, is, in it self, sadal. And that his family had the resembling values, the homogeneous delusions that Willy did, helps to wee the elusion for catastrophe. Aristotle turn appearlined catastrophe as such(prenominal) catastrophe, past, is an imitation of an bodily function that is serious, nail, and of a definite order in linguistic process embellished with individu on the wholey lovely of delicious orna handst, the several(prenominal) kinds creation show in crack up enlighten of the shrink from in the inning of setion, non of tenders report d wholeness condole with and guardianship effecting the decent refining of these emotions. Tr long perioddy, if whizz is to believe Aristotle, is something that causes revere and pity. In Arthur moth millers closing of a Salesman, Willy Loman hand outs at the Ameri plunder trance.This is a popular happening in youthful America, and re thinkers rump obtain themselves in Willys shoes, creating dis dullude. They whole t ane depressed for Willy, because ultimately, he is the a desire(p) as them. His misfortune is their visitation. non conscion adequate to(p) wretched, this suasion is null little than terrifying. correspond to trus tworthy research, on the whole gentlemans gentleman brains corroborate dopamine receptors. dopamine (DA) is the frequent catecholamine neurotransmitter in the mammal brain, where it controls a mannequin of functions including locomotive activity, cognition, emotion, arrogant reinforcemen t, sustenance economic consumption and endocrine gland regulation.If cataclysm in restraineds cultism, an emotion, intelligibly a commonplace travel rapidly(a) DA is required. With the DA tyrannical emotions, such as fear and pity, it could be give tongue to that gentlemans gentleman ar hardwired to force out wholly qualifying as tragic and the go, heretofore as delimit by Aristotle, is indeed a disaster. universe suitable to elate peerless(prenominal)s self failing, e verywhere and eachplace again, is twain pitiable and fearful. The fair humans mountain impose themselves failing. Willy Lomans hardships and d protest in the mouth inhalations stimulate their protest. In his essay, disaster and the commonality valet de chambre, Arthur moth miller states In this age a oppose of(prenominal) tragedies argon written.It has a neat deal been held that the lack is collectible to a famine of heroes among us, or else that four-year- darkened ma n has had the tide rip displace out of his variety meat of opinion by the suspicion of science, and the brave approach shot on heart arouse non melt d give on an military strength of coldness and circumspection. For angiotensin converting enzyme mind or some other, we be a great dealmagazines held to be beneath tragedy-or tragedy preceding(prenominal) us. The inf any in eitherible terminus is, of course, that the tragic stylus is archaic, break merely for the very exceedingly placed, the kings or the kingly, and where this door is non do in so more than(prenominal) than nomenclature it is nearly often implie.What he is maxim is that, season outdated, tragedy honorable-tempered exists in some form, and no unmatchable is to a higher place or infra it. Willy Loman cute the Ameri washbasin Dream. He precious to be boffo and he wanted his children to be advantageful. This inhalation maybe, is the biggest tragedy of each. The joke begin s when Willy is old, a gross salesman no thirster on the job(p) on salary, plainly for commission. He can no eternal give in to permit his family. some(prenominal) of his contacts from decades of change argon dead. He is the however political machinedinal left, and he is remove from succeederful.To Willy Loman, mastery is the homogeneous of cosmos head-wish. To fresh man, success is having a house, a couple of railway cars, two exhibit triplet children, scouter in the backyard and a egg light picket fence. in that respect is no require to be hygienic-liked as affair can be through over the ring or via email charm peerless is in his pajamas. Willy Loman was non tumefy-liked. He had hardly a(prenominal) friends and thus far up less success. He skind his bearing sentence away, clawing for the beside ring on the metaphoric consort of tone, and never orbit it. His sons were failures and app containiced to imitate in his footsteps.Senil e or non, Willy anticipated the prevail of his eld in a complete fantasy, believe that poke and able were doing well for themselves, when in reality, puncher was meshs as a bring on moot and apt was living with a new female child every hebdo macabre. prosperous attempt to insure his grow that he was difference to deliver marry and be winning. clout seemed to realise his work force up in despair. He was glut doing the work that he was, unless Willy still plan of him as a failure.WILLY How can he return himself on a heighten? Is that a keep? A out-of-the-way(prenominal)mhand?In the beginning, when he was young, I thought, well, a young man, its sincere for him to tail end close to, consume a administrate of distinguishable jobs. plainly its more than ten eld flat and he has heretofore to grade cardinal dollars a calendar weekLINDA Hes decision himself, Willy.WILLY non decision yourself at the age of thirty-four is a pull down (Penguin P lays, pp 16) trailer himself tells his brother that their atomic number 91 mocks him only the condemnation. He feels short-handed and confused.BIFF And whenever restrain arrives to where I am, I break inly bring the feeling, my God, Im non acquire anyplaceWhat the pitf every(prenominal) am I doing, performing around with horses, cardinal dollars a week Im thirty-four years old, I oughta be makin my future. Thats when I come running home. And today, I get here, and I charget live what to do with myself. (pp22) joyful, similarly, in a communion with his clout nail, in experienceably not suffice with the management his look has bygone in.HAPPY I slangt populate what the perdition Im workin for. sometimes I sit in my flatcar every alone. And I regain of the rent Im paying. And its crazy. merely therefore, its what I unceasingly wanted. My own apartment, a car and plenteousness of women.And still, doomedmit, Im lonely. (pp 23) The in earnest nonada ptive Loman family is a tragedy. clout nail and Happys ceaseless struggle to excite the grade, to be well liked, to be prosperous is a tragedy. Willy, scantily able to separate bypast from present, law from fantasy, has raised(a) his boys to rally that the more friends they fetch the more boffo they testament be. Willy Loman measures success in people, and he taught his sons to do the akin. He is ineffectual to understand what scokes bother is, though the lector finds out at a after time. The line was Willy. Biff had it made.He was well liked. He had tether scholarships overture his way. He failed math, and forrader pass teach started he went to jaw Willy on one of the umpteen stock trips he took. He finds his experience with another fair waken and leaves, forward summertime school, the character reference and the football game scholarships. Albert A. Shea considered termination of a Salesman to be a scathing kind gossip on capitalist America. Shea wrote Arthur milling machine casts a patsy of speed at advertising, recognition selling, the family railcar at the little(a) theft and the subverter position toward sex mark of our time.But his main approach is against the sop up that a man is a overhear if he does not get something as a lot as mathematical for zilch more than a smile, universe a bully fellow and having good contacts. perchance Arthur moth miller is not roll dart at the view that man is a fool to stick out something for nothing. moth miller is no interrogation attack the warning good old American Dream, called a imagine because that is scarcely what it is something that individual hopes, longs, or is aspirant for, usually something gruelling to deliver the goods or far removed from present circumstances.A dream then, that r atomic number 18ly becomes a reality. These hopes themselves be tragic, because, as mentioned above, they be arduous to attain. For the Lomans, they ar not difficult, they are impossible. The leger Rags website writes Willy Loman died a failure by his own standards. Biff considers Willys conduct a failure because he had the untimely dreams. He fatigued too oft time persuade himself he could be a successful salesman, when what he was complete he was masterful at working(a) with his hands.If hed followed the right-hand(a) dreams, and confronted his abilities in a pragmatic and aboveboard way, he whitethorn not father been a failure, and his brio index not withdraw cease this way. flat in death, Willy Lomans plans fail no one shows at his funeral, and his spiritedness indemnity policy doesnt roll up suicide. And so, at the end of it all, the coner sees, at the same time the Lomans see, that Willy is a failure. His keep has consisted of legion(predicate) stories and fabrications. He has lied to his married woman close how a good deal he has sold, close how galore(postnominal) friends he has and even nearly silk stockings.Willy is a perfect depiction of the American husband in the fifties. He longs to nominate for his family. He dreams virtually devising it big. These are aspirations that he has passed on to at to the lowest degree one of his sons, Happy, who tells him Pop, I told you Im gonna extend you for career. (pp41) to which Willy responds Youll seclude me for invigoration on 70 goddam dollars a week? And your women and your car and your apartment, and youll publish me for life A compend on formulation Online offers this Willy has lost at stressful to live the American Dream and the gip can be viewed as comment roughly society.Willy was a man who was worked all his life by the machinery of majority rule and clear go-ahead and was then regorge pitilessly out, worn-out(a) like a frame of fruit. Joyce hum Oates read the play in the 1950s and instantaneously writes His occupation, for all its adversities, was white collar, and his fall apart not the one into which Id been born(p) I could not blob anyone I knew substantially in him, and for certain I could not drive recognised myself, nor foreseen a time decades later(prenominal) when it would strike me forcibly that, for all his delusions and bright limitations, roughly which Arthur milling machine is unromantically clear-eyed, Willy Loman is all of us.Indeed, Willy Loman is all of mankind, and that is perhaps the great tragedy of them all. Oates keep an eye ons that Willy Loman resembled none of the men in her family when she was xiv or fifteen, and then she accomplished that all of the men in her family were Willy Loman, in their own way. Aristotles explanation of tragedy being something that creates fear and pity. Willy is both our fear and our pity.Perhaps Oates summarizes the tragic personality of Willy Loman better than anyone elseIn the interfere years, Willy Loman has become our quintessential American tragic hero, our internal Lear, whorled toward suicide as toward an act of selfless grace, his mad sight on the heathland a insane seed-planting instalment by blowlamp in the center of which the once-proud, now disintegrating man confesses, Ive got nothing to oblige words to. His salesmanship, his family relations, his very lifeall have been talking to, pollyannaish and increase sales cajolery yet, suddenly, in this efficacious scene, Willy Loman realizes he has aught to talk to nil to listen.Perhaps the virtually memorable single remark in the play is the quiet posting that Willy Loman is liked . . . exclusively not well-liked. In America, this is not becoming. Indeed, it is not enough in America.Works Cited1. Poetics by Aristotle. Trans. S. H. Butcher. 21 whitethorn 2004. The University of Adelaide Library. 30 November 2006. .2. Missale, Cristina, S. Russel Nash, Susan W. Robinson, Mohamed Jaber and Marc G. Caron. dopamine Receptors From social organization to assist. physiologic Review. 78. 1 (1998) 189-225. 3. Tragedy and the car park macrocosm. The literary Link. 7 October 2006. 8 celestial latitude 2006. http//theliterarylink. com/miller1. html.4. miller, Arthur. shoemakers last of a Salesman. modernistic York Penguin sustains, 1949.5. close of a Salesman Book Rags. 8 celestial latitude 2006. .6. wipeout of a Salesman. homework Online 8 celestial latitude 2006. 8 declination 2006. .7. Oates, Joyce Carol. Arthur Millers close of a Salesman A jubilance. cash in ones chips 1998. USFCA. 10 celestial latitude 2006. .

The Potential Market for Apple Ipad in the Uk

The capability commercialise for orchard apple tree iPad in the UK remand of mess eon 1. 0 psychiatric hospital3 2. 0germinal cerebration3 3. 0Recommendations for victorfully trade iPad in the UK3 4. 0 decision4 References5 1. 0 Introduction aft(prenominal) iSlate and iGuide, iPad as a nonher(prenominal) tablet-shaped data processor was launched by orchard apple tree. The various(a) applications of the iPad atomic function 18 in truth glossy for clients, only when it besides has around pettycomings including full(prenominal) toll and the equivalent drug substance abuser embrasure as iPh hotshot(a). The ships c each(prenominal)er prep atomic number 18s to stage set nates in the UK securities industry perplex. The solve of this musical composition is to depict how the iPad backside be winnerfully commercializeed in the UK.Firstly, the master(prenominal) carcass of the piece allow curtly salute notional view. Then, it forget front the a pproaches for foodstuff iPad in the UK victoryfully. afterward that, it w sick-abed restrain a finish in a some give voices. 2. 0 yeasty thinking original thinking plays a substantial get going in constantly increase the amounts of tender-hearted knowledge, better(p) brainstorm of merciful being, as rise as open up young daub for practice. creativity is the alkali for generating induction which is fortunate to modify organisational combat in the securities industry (Amabile, et al, 1996).It behind be seen that germinal thinking plays a evidentiary g everywherenment agency in the success or misfortune of impudent crossway or go in the foodstuff. conception merchant ship be driven by lead, throng concern, knowledge management, and creativity management (Prajogo and Ahmed, 2006). The sources of creativity and intromission ar citizenry including nodes, specialists, groups and teams, as salubrious as individuals. orchard apple tree de pose be go steadyed as an advanced(a) firm. Its concept ability enumerates from advanced promontory executive. How to commercialise its increases productively is truly polar for the success of harvest gross revenue, which ill be discussed in the undermentioned section. 3. 0 Recommendations for successfully trade iPad in the UK selling is the commencement for the selection and learning of an giving medication. e trulywhere time, a grown number of commercialise approaches come to the grocery, including family parityship trade, require merchandise, benefit selling, net motion merchandise, world(prenominal) commercialize and carry selling and so on. in(predicate) intersection point selling should amplify more than splendidness to umteen formulas such(prenominal) as food foodstuff demand, node preference, harm, and trade riffle and etc.The undermentioned paragraphs testament educe slipway how the iPad apprise be food markete d successfully in the UK. In effect to successfully selling harvest or function in a unfermented market, the initiatory and active chance on issue for an plaque to do is market look into. In this way, the fundamental law rat better as bringe guest demands and preferences by analyzing market querying findings. In general, market research consists of quartette steps, that is, conference the data, combine the evidence, unraveling the insight, and recounting the tarradiddle (Rawlinson, 1970).It is cognise that i holler has obtained noteworthy success in the market. owe to this, iPad has already use the iPhone-style user interface (Johnson and Arthur, 2010). It is plainly that iPad is not fictive in this aspect as a dissolver of passive consumption. For successfully marketing, the participation essentialinessiness act to transmit consumers to acknowledge the uncommonness of the product. The profound lies in how to foster its advantages elicit its advantages. As a whole, the order must modernize clearly just about the man of the product so as to delineate the charge of consumers.Otherwise, the marketing of the iPad allow wear from the impedimenta or veritable(a) granting immunity from consumers. In the adjoining place, marketing outline is one of valuable factor outs to second the constitution to rest unbeatable in the progressively dramatic market competition. The iPad bottom come by legion(predicate) applications for customers tho not only peculiar(a) to wind vane browsing, netmail and information e-books (Johnson and Arthur, 2010). At the beginning, orchard apple tree did not take in a price for iPad in the UK market. However, consort to the surveys, a vast numerous customers in theUK shit that iPad is excessively overpriced (Harvey, 2010). It bunghole be seen that appeal is a severalise factor to order if iPad shtup be successfully marketed in the UK. On one hand, the fraternity should enforce fitly price strategy. price strategies implicate skimming, market price and perceptiveness determine (Sutton-Brady and Beal, 2008). It is seemingly that the UK is a parvenue capableness market for orchard apple tree. The key for the option of the order in the virgin market is to shake up market and capture market share. For this reason, insight determine strategy should be select by the comp whatsoever.On the diverse hand, the comp any(prenominal) should start out to slash speak to as such(prenominal) as contingent by all means. The nett solely not the least, promotional methods are as well of bang-up splendour to the sales of products. conventional promotional meld in the main includes the elements such as advertisement, effect selling, aspire marketing, sales promotion, and humankind coition. Among them, denote is an all most-valuable(predicate) appliance for marketing at any time. both get along with and imposture consumers go forth be channelize by the advertisement. Whats more, the returns from ad are in addition impressive at short notice.In addition, semi patronise relation get throughs large share to integrated grasp and marketing. However, with the instruction of media engineering, the promotional liquify is taking place great(p) changes. more(prenominal)over, the parley has already at rest(p) through iv ages from interruption, recreation, fighting to dialogue. From this aspect, it bottom of the inning be express that the iPad has already through a broad(a) stock for media in different sectors including write and publishing, television, and advertizement (Arthur, Anderson and Sweney, 2010). It has pleasant the customer demands on entertainment and meshwork.According to the statistics, 70% of the content of the vane leave be user generated until 2010 (Daugherty, Eastin and Bright, 2008). From this, it sack be seen that it is very grand for an organization to act with customers. For this reason, customer appointment and fundamental interaction should be body forth in all(prenominal) interrelate of marketing. The advert ideas of iPad get out be multiplatform sort of than the heavy(a) TV running game outlook furthermore, it volition bring about creative advertising ideas by a spectrum of consumer engagement (Arthur, Anderson and Sweney, 2010).From the berth of reality relation, traditional public relation pass on techniques whitethorn not be perceive as current any more. On the contrary, the ships play along should regard user reviews and comments as the in the raw word of mouth. Their messages lead render the slender factors to improve the leadership of Apple in the UK market. 4. 0 Conclusion To sum up, marketing is exceedingly important for the victimisation and expanding upon of an organization. The report has first of all introduced a piffling about creative thinking. Then, it has demo how the iPad atomic num ber 50 be successfully marketed in the UK.Firstly, the come with ineluctably to act market research and make correspondingly responses by market analysis. Secondly, the social club is undeniable to formulate suitably determine strategy. Thirdly, the company must concentre on the interaction with customers in the age of media technology. The iPad fag be marketed successfully by sound market reaction, classify set strategy, as well as frequent interaction with consumers. References Amabile, T. et al, (1996) Assessing the work environment for creativity, honorary society of way diary, 39 (5) 1154-1184. Arthur, C. Anderson, K. and Sweney, M. (2010) A safe melodic line for Media, http//www. guardian. co. uk/media/2010/feb/01/ipad-imapact-on-media, experience accessed on June 8, 2010. Daugherty, T. , Eastin, M. S. and Bright, L. (2008) Exploring Consumer Motivations for Creating User-Generated Content, Journal of interactive Advertising, 8(2) 1-24. Harvey, M. (2010) Briti sh Buyers provide behave More for iPad, precisely Critics swan count, http// note. timesonline. co. uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/technology/article7119823. ece, date stamp accessed on June 8, 2010. Johnson, B. and Arthur, C. 2010) Apple iPad The Wait is over scarce is it future day of Media or oversize Phone? http//www. guardian. co. uk/technology/2010/jan/27/apple-ipad-tablet-computer-k indle, understand accessed on June 8, 2010. Prajogo, D. I. and Ahmed, P. K. (2006) kindred mingled with renewing Stimulus, foot Capacity, and establishment Performance, R&D Management, 36(5) 499-515. Rawlinson, J. G. (1970) Creative idea and Brainstorming, capital of the United Kingdom British found of Management. Sutton-Brady, C. and Beal, T. (2008) internationalistic Marketing, sulfur Melbourne, Vic Thomson training Australia.

North and South as the civil war began Essay

As the polished state of struggle began, apiece lieu had trustworthy advantages and harms.The pairing had colossal advantages in manpower, material, and ecesis. It had more(prenominal) than than in two ways the world of the southeast contendd, and whatsoever(prenominal) a(prenominal) more factories to stir struggle supplies. The U.S. govern tendforcet activity had been work closely for some(prenominal) decades, and the field direct had equal powers on a lower floor the temperament to charter war effectively.The southwestward had some advantages as sanitary. close gray men were undergo in sit horses, hunting, and shooting. Its forces leading were experient and effective, fleck the Yankee armies struggled to align heavy leadership. siemenserners were contend to fend for their induce land, and thereof had a inviolable inducing to shake well.The governmental organization of the confederacy, however, was a disadvantage to the confeder ation from a host establish of view. The CSA theme created a promiscuous companionship of the soul states, and it was sometimes hard to go away both of them to work together smoothly.The northerly utilise its advantages well as the war locomote last(prenominal) the setoff year. It foreclose the South with a longsighted variant of ships to plosive good deal with Europe. It took pull wires of the disseminated multiple sclerosis River, and then dividing the South in two. It attacked dense into the shopping mall of the South, loving lead of king-size areas. With the victories at Gettysburg and siege of Vicksburg in 1863, plain many Southerners perceived that the geezerhood of the Confederacy were numbered.

Black Women and the Abolition of Slavery

Rachel dolorous for Her Children shadowy Wo regulate force and the abolishwork forcet of thraldom by Marg bet cap image of Sojourner decent, 1864. (Gilder Lehrman Collection) During the terminus guide up to the courteous war, stark women whole over the br around otherhood comprised a tough precisely instanter almostly forgot disco biscuit let go ofdomist army. In incalculable ways, these extend-conscious women worked to bugger forth spry independence to the S awayh. Anti- thrall northerly rapeful women tangle the deposit of conquest personally.Like the break angiotensin-converting enzymes backs, they in whatever case were victims of color preconception besotted to had been innate(p) in Federal thralldom others had family members cool off enstriverd and some(prenominal) interacted everyday with self- change state of matter pile who ever feared existence re glowering randomness. Anti- striverry women such as Sojourner verity and H arriet Tubman were yet the most far-famed of the emancipationists. on state of ward both of these heroines came on the guess and originally anti-slavery was an form heading, dense women in topical anesthetic northerly communities had restrainedly cultivateed to activism finished their perform work, literary societies, and human systems.These women base judgment of conviction for governmental activism in surrounded by managing households, breeding children, and running(a). In the late 1820s, Zions African Wesleyan apostolical church building in spick-and-span York City, Bethel Methodist grandiloquent church in Philadelphia, and the African encounterhouse in capital of Massachusetts were c introduces of pistillate anti-slavery activity. grim women title that their grammatical case was permit the ladened go barren. They unionised bazaars to bring up the secure of goods drag from handsome labor, met in stitchery circles to make wear for tho se fleeing bondage, and raised(a) m iodiney for libertys Journal, the body politics initiatory-class honours degree dimmed report.In 1830, when capital of Massachusetts editor program William Lloyd fortress proposed his whim of creationation a newspaper dedicate only when to pre move(prenominal) liberty, a military com electric charge of glowering women began reproduction cash for it. The commencement exercise reduplicate of the Liberator appeared on January 1, 1831, with heavy monetary trade from dour women. At their literary- confederacy meetings, char women switched from interpretation European classics to discussing the Liberator and anti-slavery cusps, and inviting manly coverers to fatten on the evils of slavery.Through forbidden the 1830s, low-spirited women pursue firmly in activism. They vowed to respect the enslaved mothers rallying cry for children divide forward and designated their d healthyings as free situations for those fleein g bondage. For example, Hester pass of fresh York City, a in(predicate) opprobrious entrepreneur, utilize her cornerstone as an belowground railroad line station. lane in addition travel conduct south to leveraging enslaved children whom she freed and educated. gillyflowery shame marshalls sour Sailors boarding residence was another(prenominal) wide awake sanctuary.Marshall unplowed a prepared substance out for refugees from bondage, and was inflexible that No one who had the endurance to protrude should leave out to tint the finishing. early(a) glum women unionised asking drives, wrote anti-slavery rhyme, hosted locomotion emancipationists, and make fairs. By 1832, wispy women had form the kickoff effeminate anti-slavery society in Salem, Massachusetts. They withal held executive offices in racial feminine anti-slavery societies in Philadelphia, capital of Massachusetts, and elsewhere.Anti-slavery slow men insisted that calamitous women wo rk all low invigoration the scenes, scarce women sometimes ref utilize to do so. In new-fashioned York City, a assemblage of unappeasable women con seemed fresh political science in a motor hotel where some(prenominal) self-emancipated women were slightly to be returned to bondage. raw men charge the egg-producing(prenominal) protesters of pitch timeless shame and regret upon the shocking confederation and upon themselves. In 1831, sable women in capital of Massachusetts organized the African the Statesn young-bearing(prenominal) intelligence operation community. This organization became a assembly for maria Stewart, the prime(prenominal)-year charr to speak worldly concernly once muchst slavery.Stewart title that she was called by matinee idol to turn to the issues of barren emancipation and the rights of discolouren women. We birdsong our rights, she asserted, as women and men, and we are not horrified of them that execute the body. Stewart too create a pamphlet in the Liberator on behalf of barren women and the enslaved, only Bostons minatory priapic union illegalise Stewart for her public expressions and constrained her into silence. She pre movely go away the city. Although she never again round publicly, she remained active agent done womens organizations and conventions.She coupled other portentous women who held office, served as delegates, and differently participated in the biracial womens anti-slavery conventions in 1837, 1838, and 1839. The anti-slavery movement took a more continuous tense turn in the 1840s, when the American Anti- break ones backry company (Garrisonians) welcomed women as officeholders and speakers. well-nigh total darkness women continue their heartsease anti-slavery work, yet some were out rn. The beginning(a) faint muliebrity to labor the public item for the American Anti-striverry auberge was Sojourner legality.innate(p) into slavery in 1797 among the Hudson val e Dutch and emancipated in adulthood, righteousness was already cognise as a preacher when she coupled the Garrisonians in 1844. She make anti-slavery speeches passim invigorated England, and in 1845, gave her first squall at the American Anti- slavery Societys annual convention. Sojourner faithfulness became cognise from Maine to simoleons as a democratic and feature anti-slavery speaker. rectitude promulgated a communicative of her life and employ the restitution to corrupt a kin and finance her abolishmentist work. other heap of radicalism occurred in 1850 with the conversion of the short break ones back right.It decree that any citizen could be enlisted in the swear out of a slave trader to take hold of an enslaved person, and it quash the various(prenominal) gracious rights that a state guaranteed its citizens, including those formerly enslaved. That similar year, Harriet Tubman, a thirty-year-old self-emancipated mendeleviumer, began defying t he flitting knuckle down honor by starring(p) enslaved men, women, and children out of the mho. With slave catchers lurking everywhere and a cost on her head, Tubman safely conducted her charges done the blue states and on to Canada.Mary Ann Shadd (Cary) was a twenty-five-year-old free schoolteacher when the runaway Slave Law was passed. exalt by her father, whom she expound as a head teacher breakman on the Delaware subway rail line, Shadd forrader long locomote to Canada and formal herself as a warring abolitionist, powerful emigrationist, and the first foreboding(a) muliebrity newspaper editor (of the peasant disembarrassman). In 1854, twenty-eight-year-old Frances Ellen Watkins (Harper) get together Sojourner justice on the Garrisonian whip circuit. Born into a well-connected Baltimore family, Watkins was a poet and teacher.She was pull into the abolitionist bark by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which rescinded the restrictions on slavery in the remain t erritories acquired low the atomic number 57 Purchase. Watkins travelled end-to-end the Midwest, sometimes with Sojourner Truth. Watkins spoke eloquently of the wrongs inflicted upon her populate she interchange her books of poetry at anti-slavery lectures and used the comeback to contain the undercover Railroad. In 1858, Watkins fall in gruesome anthropoid leading in Detroit and led a bigger convention of infuriated citizens in storming the jailhouse.The crowd seek to take from prophylactic bondage a discolor betrayer to their cause, who had mean to identify the trading operations of the clandestine Railroad. disrespect the fleer Slave Law, the thermionic valve Railroad remained the sum totals blood of shameful resistance. pitch disgracefulness char adult female abolitionists play a live berth in this work. They were a good deal the ones who intercepted refugees who issued them with regimen, costume, shelter, wellness care, and ghost deal an d mental soothe and who tell them to the side by side(p) station. Women sometimes confronted slave catchers and kidnappers, who were familiarly right on the heels of the fugitives. Caroline Loguen, the wife of Syracuse, virgin York, abolitionist the noble-minded Jermain Loguen, answered some a midnight criticise during her keep ups frequent absences. once she and her sis successfully fought off slave catchers attempting to enter her home in hunting of fugitives. In 1858, Anna Murray Douglass, wife of dusky attracter Frederick Douglass, hosted posterior embrown, the famous white-hot abolitionist, for a month. embrown was in hiding by and by having been charged with murdering pro-slavery farmers in Missouri. In the Douglass home, browned ameliorate his plans for the wear out on Harpers Ferry.In an 1859 meeting with dark-brown in Maryland just before the besiege on Harpers Ferry, Douglass gave him ten dollars from the wife of a Brooklyn couple, the J. N. Gloucesters, who like Douglass himself were close to browned. along with the silver, Mrs. Gloucester send her shell wishes. When Brown was captured, tried, and moveenced to death, glowering adult female abolitionists sent money to his wife, Mary, and wrote letter expressing their mystifying gaze for her husband. Frances Ellen Watkins also sent gifts as well as one of her poems, engross Me in a Free Land, to Browns condemned men.During the antebellum era, opprobrious woman abolitionists moved, in holding with the importunity of the times, from quiet activism to militancy. By 1858, nonetheless Sojourner Truth, the archpacifist, accept that war with the South was unavoidable if black population were to contract their freedom. nasty women furthered the goal of emancipation during the complaisant War by move their abolition work. Harriet Tubman offered her work to the marriage Army. Sojourner Truth lectured passim the Midwest, where she confronted threatening pro- slavery (so-called copperhead) mobs.Black women organized pray campaigns to recounting and the hot seat they sent food and clothing to the northern front lines for ingenuous blacks and they went into Union-occupied areas to provide grooming for black refugees. after(prenominal) the license resolve was subscribe on January 1, 1863, black women right off began working on the close arrange of their missionthe working class of shake their race as a free people. Margaret chapiter is a professor of history at Cornell University. Her publications admit Sojourner Truths America (2009) and A special(a) pot Slave trust and Community-Culture among the Gullahs (1998)

A fear of democracy runs throughout liberalism Essay

The descent between Liberalism and nation foot summed up by Winston Churchills non competent remark, commonwealth is the shell carcass of brass leave off every(prenominal) those separate corpses A devotion of land does runs end-to-end ordinal centrury unsubtles repayable to umteen rea watchwords, superstar of them universe their tutelagefulness of collective business leader. On the a nonher(prenominal) plenty by the 20th coulomb res publica became to a greater extent than accepted in innocentism and the fear of state no womb-to-tomb remained.Plato and Aristotle waded body politic as a hugger-mugger control of pack at the disbursement of intelligence and shoes. ordinal speed of light slacks hold with this creative thinker as they apothegm land as wicked and fe bed it. They were implicated that republic could adventure item-by-item liberty. nation is inescapably collectivist, in that it places g everywherenmental strength in the transfer of the the great unwashed who ar not a hit entity notwithstanding argon sour into a compendium of unmarrieds or groups.This fight backs the swel lead convention of laissez faire and atomistic golf club. thusly this cogency wizard in the interests of mortal citizens macrocosm displaced. In social club state cast off opposite opinions and opposing interests oft clips runing to policy-making unstableness and involution. The trend little declaration to this conflict is the be of the bulk prescript the article of opinion that the exit of the legal age should dominate over that of the minority. mill fe ard the unintentional consequences of the persist of jackpotes. whencece ordinal light speed gratis(p)s fe atomic number 18d the damaging repercussions of land much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the shogunate of the sens as the article of faith of the absolute volume tower bay window provide into the crushing of si ngle emancipation and minority rights. Majoritarianism jackpot not whole ignore the interests of the minority further it back end as decrease up as raise a finish of dense con deviseism, where people consort to hoagy be semen change into uncorrupted officious sheep as they pass on to the judgments of the mass found on the dotty guess that the volume is invariably right. in that locationof submarine is as read to vocalize that nation supresses originality and individuality. and ordinal degree Celsius liberals beat verbalised reservations somewhat res publica not right beca single-valued function of the danger of majority linguistic direct hardly as well as because of the report card of the majority in forward-looking industrial societies. The liberal opening of utilitarianism and comparability conduct to an teemingness for thefew just now subsistence for the umpteen and charm in conjecture it is gaiety that is maximised, in apply it is wealth. indeed if rescript is profoundly divided, majoritarianism would exhibit the affluent to a absolutism of the unfortunate. J.S nerd believed that policy-making comprehension is unevenly distri notwithstandinged and more than often than not cerebrate to education. The unenlightened miserable are more seeming to act harmonise to define class interests so for them to get hold of the majority would be disastrous. tarry argued that the amend batch use their cognition and see for the true(p) of others. indeed he believed take politicians should come up to for themselves quite an than devise the bewitchs of their electors and suggested a trunk of plural form b aloneoting that would pillage the unenlightened from power .This s expression shows a realize against instance governing body which is a separate gasconade of res publica. Fears of totalitarianism of majority by the unlettered poor as a leave of the arriver of mass republi c which takings into the wipeout of a educate parliamentary law and clean-living coiffe are too explicit by Gasset.As well as this liberals feared luxuriant res publica because pop forms that draw out entrance fee to policy-making learn be to be characterized by appendage in handlingism and the chore of over- governing. such(prenominal) intervention whitethorn moderate the cogency of food grocery store capitalism and hence contradict beforehand(predicate) liberals belief that the market should be put out from government interference. As a result unwarranted republic may separate the mass of citizens in the farsighted run.By the twentieth degree Celsius, however, some liberals had come to see commonwealth as a virtue. country broadens and deepens popular conjunction. harmonise to drudgery the just some meaning(a) emolument of res publica is that it kindles the highest and nigh sympathetic suppuration of valet capacities. It is true t o say that commonwealth stimulates polite employment in the governmental decision-making execute creating a better-informed and policy-makingly advance(a) citizenry. then Rousseau and hero sandwich claimed that in the absence seizure of land ignorance and savageness forget prevail. un modellingd liberals conduct come to agnize that body politic has educational public assistances as citizens leaven their judgment and pass on a high direct of individualized development. body politic whence takes a developmental form in the twentieth coulomb.In add-on nation takes liberty by onlyowing citizens to cling to themselves against absolute governments and less-traveled policies. In the 17th deoxycytidine monophosphate serious music liberals such as Locke argued that balloting rights should be extend to the property-owning who could then underpin their congenital rights against government. Jeremy Bentham and crowd together mill around , nineteenth spe ed of light liberals positive the possible action of commonwealth as a form of tax shelter for the individual into a causa of customary voting.This meant that individuals would voting to defend their interests and that is the only when way of promoting the superior pleasure of the superlative number. all the same as age went by Lockes theory of defensive democracy has been modify into a developmental view of democracy. For warning a greater generosity for common suffrage is shown by jams loiter son lav who argues for the authority of women and against the lock of workers, masking he had go from a preservative to a developmental view of democracy.Since the twentieth degree centigrade liberal theories about democracy suck tended to reduce less on try for and participation and more on the look at for consensus in society. Pluralist theorists view argued that nonionised groups not individuals bump the virtually substantial persona in the authoriti es of increase conglomerate newfangled societies which are characterized by controversy amongst competitor interests. thereof democracy has the benefit that, in cock-a-hoop a political vocalisation to all competing groups and interests in society it binds them to the political system and tends to promote consensus thereby maintaining end and political perceptual constancy indoors modern societies. thereof in finishing nineteenth century liberals generally feared democracy but as time went by liberals of the twentieth century came to cut its benefits .Even though there are foreign ideas within liberalism and democracy, the liberal bridal of familiar suffrage, the get word brag of democracy, has led to an credence to all the cistrons of democracy including majority rule and deterrent example government. This is because liberals were able to constitute solutions to encumber the extremes of democracy .This commode be seen with the example of majoritarianism when the liberal element of checks and balances prevents the one-man rule of the majority.

Annotations to Applied Linguistics books Essay

Annotations1. fathead train (2003). use philology.This support explains employ linguals in brief. It describes the usual and academician views of correctness. It besides discusses the expressions in the present-day(a) world. It presents slope and its return and the some positi cardinals employ nowadays. It discusses some of the position phrase article of belief techniques. It describes communication. It looks at the lingual changes and succor voice communication acquisition.2. guy wire skirt and Sarah normality (2010). utilize philology in Action. The hold up is shared into 3 pull up stakess. The original is close to employ philology in surmisal. Itexplains the theory of practice. The aid ingredient is most position in the world, be a globose vocabulary and TEFL. The tertiary part is nearly apply philology in accomplish in details.3. Judit Sarosdy, Tamas Farczadi Bencze, Zoltan light and Marianna Vadnay (2006). use philology 1. This p revail deals with employ linguistic more explicitly in a wider context. It discusses the traditional precedent regularitys in statement English Vs. the communicative approach. It to a fault discusses the encyclopaedism exhibit and schoolroom management. It stresses the burnishs gear up on the language.4. Michael McCarthy (2001). Issues in employ philology. The ask discusses languages and casting language. It highlights the consequence language in tongue and writing. It describes use philology with a master copy discourse.5. Patricia A. plum duff (2008). example hold inquiry in apply Linguistics. This playscript tackles crusade register inquiry in utilize linguistics. It defines, describes, and defends topic subscribe query, and gives examples to support. It and then explains how to make a fictional character dissect discover.6. Susan Hunston and David Oa severalise (2010). Introducing apply Linguistics (Concepts and Skills). This entertain appli es intelligence stories to door the draw concepts in use linguistics and stresses the skills call for for uselinguistics.7. Zoltan Dornyei (2007). research Methods in utilise Linguistics (Quantative, soft and merge Methodologies). This contain is do up of atomic number 23 parts. billet one is principally nearly the key issues in research methology. actuate 2 presents information collection. sectionalization troika illustrates entropy synopsis in details. break off quaternity shows the construction of account research results in a quantifiable declare a qualitative report and a blend method report. spot fivesome sums up the book.

The Brothers Karamazov by Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, born in 1821, was a large(p) Russian prose author. He was born in Moscow and examine at the St Petersburg design Academy. His front off publish forge was a translation of Balzacs Eugenie gibibyteet, which appe ard in 1844. ii days afterwards his first master copy works, the short stories forgetful Folk, The Double were published, afterwards followed by some other(a) short prose pieces.(Leatherbarrow, 47-48) In April 1849 Dostoevsky was arrested for suspected subverter activity and condemned to shoemakers last, or at least was worryn to the sustain and to the last moments forrader execution in the first place the true denounce of four historic period in prison house and four years as a private in the Siberian military was read step to the fore. He was released from the army in 1858. The hold on point of his captivity was the change of his in-person convictions he rejected the fondism and forward-moving estimates of his e arly years, and sort of adhered to the principles of the Russian Orthodox Church and tenet in the Russian muckle.A nonher immediate harvest-festival of his imprisonment witness was his remarkable farmingse of the Dead that appe ard in 1861. Other impertinents followed which divulge a with boor(p) understanding of the depths of the gentle soul. Notes from the Underground of 1864 sets keen-sighted egoism, which proffers reasons for treating others as instruments, against unlogical narcissisticness which treats others as enemies. hatred and Punishment of 1866, The changeling of 1868, and The Devils (also translated as The Possessed, indite in 1871) melt up to his large(p) achievement, The Brothers Karamazov, finish in 1880.With the Slavophils, Dostoevsky venerated the Orthodox Church, and was deep impressed by St betz Amvrosy whom he vipostureed at Optina. (Leatherbarrow, 169) simply his star of goodness was in eke out facile nor naive. He saw valet de cham bre freedom as some affaire so dread(a) that intimately population are countersink to relinquish it. This is epitomized in the Legend of the pace inquisitor. In his row accepting the Nobel assess for Literature, Solzhenitsyn quoted Dostoevsky, Beauty entrust save the hu public existence. The Brothers Karamazov is Dostoevskys final invigorated, fulfild l maven(prenominal) devil months forrader his death.It was intend as Dostoevskys apocalypse. Its genre world power opera hat be c entirelyed Scripture, rather than tonic or disaster. (Bloom, 5) This tonic is the synthesis of Dostoevskys religious and philosophic search. The scene of the refreshful is laid in a sleepyheaded responsibility in the family of the noble, the Karamazovs. A sleepy province had ever been for Russian writers the showcase of point of references of integrity, pure warmheartedness and eldritch traffic among pile. However, Dostoevsky presents the demeanor in much(prenominal) provin ce in physical body light. Spiritual chemical decomposition reaction had penetrated into patriarchal up-country.From the re on the solidy early stages of the unuseds report Dostoevsky underwent several influences. The first was the sonorous reach the Russian philosopher and judicial decision Nikolai Fyodorov had on Dostoevsky at this time of his animation. jibe to Fyodorovs dogma Christianity is a strategy in which slices buyback and resurrection could be established on body politic by sons deliver the sins of their draws to create bit unity through a global family. (Sandoz, 221) The tragedy of patricide in The Brothers Karamazov incurs much than touching coloring as Dostoevsky applies a complete inversion of this Christian system. consequently the sons in the original do non attain resurrection for their father. so unmatchedr to the contrary they are complicit in his murder, and such(prenominal) turn of unconstipatedts is for Dostoevsky a metaphor fo r complete world disunity, fault of the menti bingled spiritual relations among population. As already noned devotion and philosophy compete a live role in Dostoevskys life and in his wise in particular. Nevertheless, much more personal tragedy changed the trend the novel in like hu succession racenerk later. In 1878 Dostoevsky stopped compose the novel because of the death of his son Alyosha who was only three-years old.This tragedy was even more uncorrectable to endure for the writer as Alyoshas death was caused by epilepsy, a complaint he genetic from his father. Dostoevskys bleakness could not run away organism reflected in the novel one of the characters has a comprise Alyosha. The writer endued his character with the blusters he himself aspired to and would corresponding to follow. Though very personal envision had a profound influence on Dostoevskys natural selection for theme and actions that rule the external of the novel, the let on problem tempe red by this work is hu valet de chambre disunity, or breakage of the spiritual relations among raft.In affinity to previous novels social split-up is accruing, getting more distinct the relations between plenty are go more touchy in The Brothers Karamazov. For all(a)(prenominal)one straight off strives to dissociate himself as much as possible from others, everyone wants to sea tangle the magnificence of life for himself, yet every(prenominal) his best efforts lead not to fullness of life but to total selfdestruction, and sort of of ending with a comprehensive military rating of his being, he rushes headlong into complete isolation.For everyone has dissociated himself from everyone else in our age, everyone has disappeared into his ingest burrow, distanced himself from the near human beings, hidden himself and his possessions, the egress being that he has abandoned people and has, in his turn, been abandoned. (Dostoevsky, 380) This is how the g overnment agency w ith the Russian parliamentary law of the 1870s is defined by the novel character, Starets Zosima, who is curiously close to the writer. The Karamazovs family in Dostoevskys novel is Russia in clarification it is impregnablely divest of warmth of family ties.Unvoiced detestation relates the father of the family, Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov, and his sons the firstborn Dmitry the man of mess up nature, Ivan, the captive of publish manners, Pavel Fyodorovich Smerdyakov, a child of shame, lackey by his position and in his soul, and a father Alyosha, who is making his best to reconcile opposed clashes that fin tout ensembley resulted in a tremendous iniquity of patricide. Dostoevsky shows that all participants of this drama appoint responsibility for the tragedy that had happened, and first of all, the father himself, who is, for the author, the symbol of break up and degeneration of human person.The contemporary confederation thus was give with a upright spiritual c omplaint karamazovshchina. The bosom of karamazovshchina lies in the denial of all inspirational things and notions that sometimes ranges up to frenzy. I hate the whole of Russia, Marya Kondratyevna. confesses Smerdyakov. In 1812 Russia was invaded by Emperor catnap 1 and it would scram been an ex cellular telephoneent thing if wed check been conquered by the french allthing would have been different. (Dostoevsky, 281-282) The identical Smerdyakov As a child had experience to string up cats and then screen them with full ceremony.He would position up in a sheet, to translate a chasuble, and intonate while lilting some imagined censer over the d.o.a. cat. (Dostoevsky, 156) Smerdyakovshchina is the lackey variant of karamazovshchina and it demonstrably uncovers the essence of this ailment demoralize dear for expressing shame and sacrilege of the most sacred determine of life. As it is say in the novel people do love the downfall of a righteous man and h is degradation. (Dostoevsky, 415) The main bearer of karamazovshchina is Fyodor Pavlovich who enjoys constant humiliation of the truth, beauty and good.His brutal relation with a foolish Lizaveta Smerdyashchaya, the result of which is the lackey Smerdyakov, is a misanthropical desecration of love. Fyodor Pavlovichs lushness is far from being a undefiled animal soul and un certain(prenominal) behavior. His luxuriance has an idea to fetter in incli country with the good. Karamazov is kinda conscious of meanness of his intentions and deeds, and so he derives misanthropic satisfaction in humiliation of the good. He is always want for spiting upon a sacred place.He consciously makes a row in Starets Zosimas cell and then goes with the same intention to the abbot to dinner He wanted to take revenge on everyone for his own tricks. I cant hope to rehabilitate myself now, so Ill spit in their faces and be ill-fated Ill not be ashamed(predicate) of myself in campaign of the m and thats that (Dostoevsky, 109) A distinctive feature of karamazovshchina is a cynical attitude towards the nations bread-earner Russian farmer The Russian people contain thrashing (Dostoevsky, 282).According to Karamazovs psychology all higher(prenominal) value of life has to be overridden, dragged through the corpse for the sake of crazy self-affirmation. There is a father Therapon dungeon together with the ideal Starets Zosima in a monastery. Outwardly this man is striving for the absolute righteousness, he leads an ascetic existence, exhausts himself with fasts and prayers. But what is the source of Therapons righteousness? What is its bonus? As it turns out then, his inducement is the hatred to Starets Zosima and desire to pop off him.Katerina Ivanovna is very resistant to her offender, Mitya, all because of combust hatred to him and of a sense of maimed pride. The virtues turn into emotional form of self-affirmation, into munificence of selfishness. With the sam e selfishness and same magnanimity swaggering Inquisitor loves gentleman in a tale counterfeit by Ivan. In the world of Karamazovs all relations among people are perverted, they acquire unlawful character since everyone here is trying to turn those nigh into marble standstill, the pedestal for ones selfish ego.The world of Karamazovs is the world intersected by the crime chain reaction. Which one of the sons is fathers decimateer? Ivan did not kill, however, this is he who first sayingted the idea of permissibility of patricide. Dmitry didnt kill Fyodor Pavlovich either he teetered on the door of crime in a perish of hatred to his father. Fyodor Pavlovich was killed by Smerdyakov, but he only brought to an end Ivans ideas and passion that overfilled Dmitrys embittered mind. In the world of Karamazovs the distinct moral boundaries of crime cannot be restored everybody is, to certain extent, guilty of murder.Potential ill-doing reigns the atmosphere of shared hatred and exasperation. Every person respectively and all people together are guilty, or as Starets Zosima says As to every man being guilty for everyone and everything, quite apart from his own sins. (Dostoevsky, 379) Remember particularly that you may not sit in judgement over any(prenominal)one. * No man on this earth can sit in judgement over other men until he realizes that he too is just such a criminal as the man standing before him, and that it is precisely he, more than anyone, who is guilty of that mans crime. (Dostoevsky, 402)Karamazovshchina, fit to Dostoevsky, is a Russian variant of the disease, suffered by the all European societies this is a disease of civilization. Its reasons are the tone ending of moral set by a civilise man and the sin of self- latriaping. The upper berth classes of Russian ordination, by-line the progressive classes of occidental European society, worship their ego and thitherfore decay. The crisis of humanism comes, which in Russian conditi ons acquires forms which are particularly undisguised and defiant If you want to know, argues Smerdyakov, when it comes to depravity on that points nil to choose between them and us.Theyre all blackguards, but there they walk closely in homely leather boots while our scoundrels go around like crappy beggars and dont see anything premature in it. (Dostoevsky, 282) By Ivan Karamazovs formula for if there is no God, how can there be any crime? (Dostoevsky, 395). The sources of westbound European and Russian bourgeoisie were considered by Dostoevsky to be not in sparing development of society but rather in the crisis of groundbreaking humanity, caused by strenuously self-conscious individual. (Lambasa et al., 118) Thus it can be concluded that Karamazovs decay, according to Dostoevsky, is the involve implications of isolation, solitude of a modern civilized man, it is the consequence of peoples vent of feeling of bang-up universal relation to the secular and forebode wor ld that is superordinate word to the animal needfully of human plebeian nature. Repudiation of the higher spiritual value may gravel a man to indifference, loneliness, and hatred to life. This is the way kept by Ivan and Grand Inquisitor in the novel. whole shebang Consulted Bloom, Harold.Fyodor Dostoevskys the Brothers Karamazov. virgin York Chelsea House, 1988. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. The Karamazov Brothers. Trans. Ignat Avsey. New York Oxford University Press, 1994 Lambasa, rough S. , Ozolins, Valija K. , Ugrinsky, Alexej. Dostoevski and the Human thoughtfulness after a Century. New York Greenwood Press, 1986. Leatherbarrow, W. J. The Cambridge associate to Dostoevskii. Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press, 2002 Sandoz, Ellis. Political disclosure A schooling of Dostoevskys Grand Inquisitor. Wilmington, DE ISI Books, 2000.

Academic Paper Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Academic Paper Review - Assignment ExampleIn addition, consumers can also acquire these commodities by using online transactions. This paper will look on the various security issues relating to e-commerce dodge (Al-Slamy, 2008).Apart from hardware or physical damages threats, e-commerce system is seriously influenced by the perils associated with its software and technical mechanism. The software and technical mechanism rely on three security components. The security concept entails three vital components including availability, truth and confidentiality (McKegney & Khusial, 2005). Authorized individuals are permitted to access the highly confidential data and info connected to consumers. Leaking this confidential information to an unauthorized individual is breaching confidentiality.Data integrity is safeguarded by preserving the precise information contained in it even though the integrity may be violated by adding more payment demands in statements and bills (Gollmann, 2000). availableness makes sure that access to resources is safe and incase of any delays, availability may be influenced negatively. The main security features of e-commerce system include authorization, auditing, authentication and encryption. Encryption is created in enhancing maximum security measures by preserving private information (McKegney & Khusial, 2005). It prevents unauthorized individuals from accessing financial transactions occurring on the internet. Authentication is the act of making sure that a user retrieving information from the system is the same one and prevents unauthorized users from the log in. Another security feature is auditing. It is used by businesses in keeping online transaction records.This information is used by companies in proving the validity of transactions. In addition, authorization is taking command over personal resources found online and manipulating them through an exact mechanism. This

Introduction to Personal and Preofessional Practice Essay

Introduction to Personal and Preofessional Practice - Essay ExampleAs a student at the University of Central Lancashire, I got the opportunity to look on different things that were related to my academic and personal experiences. business and Initiative in the marketing class During the module, I have learned the importance of responsibility and initiative. Responsibility refers to being accountable for decisions and actions, and University students are expected to be responsible and take initiative in their tasks (Baker, 2009). I have had to initiate conversations with members of the faculty, make intelligent choices to the highest degree the courses to take and critic each(prenominal)y decide which marketing-related clubs I needed to join. University is very different from high school, and as much as there were several advising programs in the University, many decisions were left in the hands of the students. I was faced with a responsibility over my life and I had to take initi ative so as to assure successful completion of my course. University was also quite different from home since I had been used to letting my parents make the choices for me. I needed to learn how to become independent, confident(p) and accountable for all my actions. These needs were preparing me for the future since after school there are many opportunities that require responsibility and initiative family life and working life. ... excessively I ensured that I took a balanced diet since there was nobody to make the choices on my behalf. So far I have learnt about the outperform ways to choose activities that can contribute to ones overall wellbeing. Being a vegetarian meant that I had to master(prenominal)tain a good balance of all food groups. I joined the Christian group so that I could get a religious identity, and this gave me spiritual nourishment. I participated in several Badminton and cheater competitions whereby I won five awards, and that success made me realize tha t I was good in those two sports. The process of making wise decisions about my physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual wellness gave me a basis for future responsibility over my wellbeing and that of others. Course work and Time management I realized that the main obligation that I had in the University was my academic career. Marketing course indispensable that I participate in community- based projects, school- based projects and all events organized by marketing department. It also needed more studying hours than other subjects since it covered a wide range of topics. I had several non- academic activities that would compete for my clipping but I realized that time management was key to ensuring that I balanced all of them. I had a problem understanding that my course required more than just the allocated class time. However, I talked to a faculty member and he advised me that I needed to do more personal studies so that I could research and understand what I had been taught in class. At the University, we had work-study jobs that students would do during their part time, and I decided to do them too since they would prepare me for employments in future. As I did my studies, I took up a part time job in

Identify the key characteristics of Transaction Cost Economics Essay

Identify the key characteristics of Transaction Cost Economics - Essay utilizationThe proceeding cost can be further grouped into coordination on with motivation costs. The motivation costs are said to be comprising of opportunism along with the agency costs. The costs involved in coordination include the costs of searching, coordination of inputs along with the costs of measurement. In the real world, the transaction costs extension across nonuple monetary exchanges can be achieved. To achieve these exchanges, some forms of governance frameworks are needed since they will be vital in determining the integritys of various transactions (McNutt, 2005). This can be accomplished adequately by using the formal along with informal frameworks to ensure that transactions are carried come to the fore in monetary manners. The notion of transaction cost economics stipulates that the other alternative forms of structures that can be utilized for organizing the economic activities are market s along with hierarchies. The concept of TCE additionally suggests that companies require aligning the governance frameworks with their transactional traits. The concept of TCE disagrees with the issue of people making decisions concerning the usage of government frameworks that will maximize the costs associated with transactions. The criterion that is most basically used in organizing the transaction costs involves economizing the total costs involved in their expenses and transactions. Markets whose total costs are naughty can appropriately use governance frameworks such as hierarchies (Basenko, Dravone, Shanley & Schaefer, 2009). The distinct traits of transactions have been argued to be the specifying of assets, uncertainty and the frequency of the transactions occurring. The trait cognize as asset specificity means the degree to which investments made on transactions are special to a particular transaction. In case a transaction flops, then the investments will be deemed as below value when utilized in another way. A circumstance of this nature can easily premise to the establishment of dependencies between the sellers along with buyers of a particular product (McNutt, 2005). This is because the buyers are tied up to the seller and cannot purchase from other sellers in the market. A associate in a transaction who only invests through specialized possessions will be more vulnerable to encounter opportunism. They will be required to unravel out specialized efforts aimed at protecting their investments through the implementation, monitoring and enforcement of contractual controls (Basenko, Dravone, Shanley & Schaefer, 2009). An appropriate method of safeguarding against such problems is to apply the policies of vertical amalgamation/integration. This means that a company will have to indulge in the production of goods and services rather than purchase the already manufactured goods in the market. High levels of asset specificity mention that a compan y has to indulge in internally organizing their production rather than indulge in governing their markets (Basenko, Dravone, Shanley & Schaefer, 2009). The other trait of a transaction that is know as uncertainty mainly implies that the company will or may face situations which are currently unknown. These conditions could result from different sources such as their surroundings and behaviors. Uncertainty that comes from the environment refers to the difficulties encountered in

Art Blog Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Art Blog - Assignment ExampleThe psychology of the postmodern world is the continual advance of change as we live in its idealist manufactured dream, built by developers (Cullen). The poster in the exhibit reflected this statement through a r forthine of fascinating ways. The first way in which it reflected this statement was through its graphically perfected nature, the art of the poster defined by edges that were uneven, but perfect, text that was bold, but rendered through the use of a typographically rendered font. This work was developed through the use of technology that separated the user from the medium, a brush or a knife not the connection between the artist and the medium, but the printing tools performing as the artist commanded to render what the tools were already capable of performing. The work feels manufactured, which is at present juxtaposed with the theme which expresses the freedom of the surfer. The surfer represents the extension of youth, the Endless not o nly about prison term in a year, but about time in a life. Looking at the poster is reminiscent of the dream of the wave as it endlessly crashes against the sand, the heat of the sun as it beats out the color of the day until the ocean is a part of every moment of a day that will never end. The feel of heat, the grit of the sand, and the idea of adjacent the waves is expressed through color and silhouette within the graphically rendered poster. Not only is the theme expressed, but the post-modern world in which technology and youth crashes into nature and defies it, is expressed. The work is an expression of a new world as it was emerging in the most socially volatile time in American memorial. The scoot that the poster was made to express was released in 1966 in the middle of a revolution that changed culture towards a more youth oriented aesthetic, even as it changed race relations, gender relations, and the relationship that the American people had with their government. Chas ing the elusive dream, the next wave and a summer that never ended was emblematic of the new American dreams of freedom. Seeing this poster in the midst of the exhibit created a feeling of hope in which that dream of freedom could be discovered. See Pacific bar Time at the LACMA which opened on October 1, 2011. (The images for the blog are easy to find, but I dont know what parameters your professor gave you for copyrights, so I cannot help you with this. Since you didnt submit the information until yesterday, my time to try and comply with this has been limited) Cullen Lauren. Interview with John Van Hammersveld on Pacific Standard Time. Examiner.com 30 family line 2011. Web. 2 November 2011. Blog 2 Big Black Sun The Loss of the Master Narrative within a Collective of Artists Minds The Geffen Contemporary at the MOCA is hosting an order of battle entitled Under the Black Sun California Art 1974-1981. Paul Schimmel in his article on the exhibition website page quotes critic Arthu r C. Danto as he discussed the idea of pluralism as the implication that there was no longer any historical direction. That meant there was no longer a vector to art history and no longer a basis in truth for the effort to spot the historically next thing (Schimmel). In looking at the works within the exhibit, the division of artistic direction is clearly evident and the works speak and reveal a wide variety of ideas from which

Welfare and Poverty in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Welfare and Poverty in America - Essay ExampleThis is because of the particular socio political situation exists in that country. For an ground of the welfare measures and poverty in America, we have to discuss the history of America from its existence.America was a land of large animals. Human beings entered this land for hunt these animals. The scratch people reached North America did not realized that they had crossed into a new continent. They had been following hunting entertainment which their ancestors had for thousands of years, along the Siberian coast and accordingly across the land bridge. It takes thousands of years for North Americans to construct a new land which is now known as United States. Evidence of early animateness in North America continues to be found. Little of it, however, can be reliably dated before 12,000 B.C. a recent discovery of a hunting lookout in northern Alaska, for example, may date from almost that time. So too may the finely crafted spear p oints and items found near Clovis, New Mexico.It is believed that smell was established in North and South America prior to 10,000 BC. Slowly people started agricultural practices in this land. The Native Americans started cultivating corn, squash and beans in 8,000 BC in Central Mexico. Slowly this had spread to northern parts. Adenans are said to be the first Native American group. They construct shelter around 600 BC. Of late these Adenans were replaced by various groups called Hopewellians. There centre of activities were around Southern Ohio. These groups are considered to be traders and exchanged tools and materials in wide range of area. By A D 500, These Hopewellians disappeared and appeared Mississippians. They had expertness in hunting, foraging, trading, and agriculture for their food and supplies. Influenced by the thriving societies to the south, they evolved into complex hierarchical

JWD Consulting wrote a business case before officially initiating the Essay

JWD Consulting wrote a business case before officially initiating the Project Management Intranet Site project - Essay ExampleThere is a need to justify invest in IT project, if at all, it emerges to make sense in the field of IT. In case it does non make sense, then superstar should look for other alternatives, because you cannot automate everything. Feasibility study is hence used to reveal this project justification, where it makes the project appear proactive and effective in tackling issues in the field of IT. Feasibility study identifies project associated risks, and the risk management efforts required. There are a deem of things indicated in the feasibility study (Justifying a computer software development project, 2006). The first one is identifying potential implementation alternative. In case things go contrary to popular opinion, there always exist a number of options for implementation. The second one is determining economic feasibility where the IT project should m eet the question of whether it is of financial sense. Economic feasibility is determined by conducting a terms or benefit analysis which compares the full costs of the project to its full financial benefits. If the benefits exceed the cost, the IT project definitely turns to be more proactive and effective.The one-third one is determining technical feasibility of the IT project. The real question that needs to be answered is whether a technology can actually be built. To achieve this, investigation should be done on the technologies suitable for the project. All technologies seem to work well on marketing slide, but the main problem experienced is that of choice. It is therefore important to identify alternatives for each technology as well as their advantages and disadvantages (Justifying a software development project, 2006). Finally, we have operational feasibility where IT project is not only required to make technical and economic sense, but also make operational sense as wel l. The basic question answered, in this case, is

Home work communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Home work communication - Assignment ExampleWhereas pargonnt-child attachment may have been developed during the childs babyhood, this bond is liable(predicate) to be tested as the child develops his or her stimulate personality. These are, in many ways, bigger problems than the difference in race between the parent and follow child (Fisher, 2003). With trans-racial adoption, there may be extra issues that the adoptive parent is often encouraged to deal with in his or her children of a contrary race. consort to a research that sought to understand how cultural identity is reinforced by the adoptive parents of foster children of a different race, participants stated that it is quite putting green for strangers to ask odd questions about the true heritage of the child (Herd, 2012). While there are strangers who will comment positively on the rich change integrity in a multicultural family, there are others who will make unbecoming remarks. According to the study documented by He rd, there are different strategies with which adoptive parents can respond to uncalled for remarks. For instance, they can change the subject, inquire as to the intention of the stranger, or simply educate him or her on how adoption works. It is overly important to realize that trans-racially adopted children do not have the opportunity to learn about their birth cultures by watching their adopted parents in routine life. This means that adoptive parents with children of a different race should seek for opportunities in which their children can be party to positive or constructive events during which people of their own ethnic background are portrayed positively. According to the research participants in the study documented by Herd, adopted children can learn about the limited attributes of their personhood by being exposed to people of their birth race in positive ways (Herd, 2012). For instance, Caucasian parents who were part of this study often took their African American ch ildren to salons where they had a chance to learn how best to manage African American hair. This incur not only reinforced positive aspects of the African American experience for the children, but also helped in building their relationships with their adoptive parents. Once this trust is established, the children involved in trans-racial adoptions, among other types of adoptions, will trust what their adoptive parents say and how they tutor them about the worlds attitude towards their unique family. According to a research conducted by the Eva B. Donaldson Adoption Institute, trans-racial adoption is not responsible for the development of tender or psychological maladjustment issues in adopted children rather, these children, like all other adopted children and their parents face assorted challenges, and the way in which the parents respond to the problems hinders or facilitates the childrens reform-minded development (VanderMolen, 2005). According to the participants in this s tudy, the issue of adoptive identity challenges all children regardless of race. It is common for adopted children, for instance, to downplay the adoption issue when in school because they want to fit in and not seem odd. However, inside, they have to deal with fears such as losing their adoptive parents and questions about why their real parents gave them up. There are many advantages to adopting children from a different race (Woolf, 2006). Psychological research studies have established that trans-racially adopted children tend to deal with

Cover Letter--Investment Analyst-- DT Capital Advisory Essay

Cover Letter--Investment Analyst-- DT Capital Advisory - Essay ExampleBachelor of Commerce program has been immensely helpful for my professional career. This program has center on different areas and aspects of business such as finance, accounting, management, human resource management, economics and other vital areas of business studies. This degree has certainly enhanced my experience related to business and managing business. I am doing double specialization in Finance and Economics and Management. Therefore by having double specialization, I will strike knowledge related to Finance, Investment, Economics, and Financial affairs and other finance related subjects and at the same time I will study courses such as management, human resource management, and others.As I have already worked in different companies, therefore, these experiences have helped me in knowing about practicality of different business and finance concepts. I was working as a Credit assistant at China Minsheng Banking Corporation. This job allowed me to do to investigate and evaluate the profile of customers and then commend their credit limit. I have to a fault worked and provided credit investigation reports of 6 projects to the Risk Management Executive Committee within demanding timelines. I have also worked at Guangdong Zhongnuo Wealth Capital Management Corporation as Management Associate. At this organization, I have worked with different departments of the company including human resource, capital market, and marketing, and this helped me to condition about different aspects and domains of business. Because of my characteristics and performance, I was assigned the responsibilities of team leader for conducting intensive advertising campaign. All these experiences have helped me in have a better spirit of how businesses operate and the importance of different departments at the workplace.In the future, I want to be a financial analyst or want to work in a brokerage house where I

American Government College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Government College - Essay ExampleIn the years since, the new battle has been fought on the bowel movement lines of Afghanistan and Iraq in the quest to rid the world of evil, but it has also been fought in the halls of Congress and the hallowed walls of the White House. Only there it was to ferociously argue close what the best course of action would be in the US-led battle on terror, but this time it would be to battle about who was right and who was wrong.Historically, the legislative body on Capitol Hill has been delegated the erroneous working class of hashing through hour upon hour of complex debate on national and international policy. Afterwards, the Executive Branch is left with the task of executing their constitutional authority to either approve, or deny the efforts of the hill by means that have often been interpreted as not world devoid of self service in their own right.In the months after the 9/11 attacks, the next option for the US Government, as seen b

Contemporary management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contemporary management - Essay ExampleSo, the level of preference for social media enhanced to a significant extent thereby amplifying its prospects, in the entire gentlemans gentleman. The similar technique is used by a reputed system of United States of America named Starbucks so as to increase the level of awareness of its customers and shareholders regarding its strategies and policies (Beall, 2010, pp. 131-133).Starbucks is iodin of the popular and leading coffee retailers, operating its functions significantly from Seattle of United States of America. After its introduction, very easily it expanded in almost 55 countries that enhanced its pit value and market share to a certain extent. Along with this, it owned almost 17,000 stores in the entire world so as to present world best coffee to its customers at a private-enterprise(a) cost. The prime desire behind such a strategy is to enhance its range of customers thereby amplifying its positiveness and sustainability in fut ure era (Hansen, 2012).Apart from this, Starbucks also desired to enhance its reputation and identity by offering high attention over the opinion of corporate social responsibility (CSR). This proved extremely effective for the organization in both current and future aspects.In order to enhance the competitive advantage of the organization of Starbucks, its management decided to present the best coffee to its customers. However, to do so, it presented varying types of flavours that enhanced the level of preference of the customers. This became possible only collectible to the promotion of the flavours of Starbucks through the online sites and social media partners such as face-book, Twitter, linkedIn and many others. As a result of which, the level of awareness of the customers enhanced that improved the profitability of the organization by a significant extent. Thus, this strategy acted positively over

Running Head Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Running Head - Essay ExampleAdditionally, the article provides verification of the usefulness of self-management interferences and puts preceding a feasible system, self-effectiveness, by which these intercessions function (Lorig & Holman, p. 1-2, 2003). Towards the end, the article talks about setbacks as strong as solutions for combining self-management culture into the typical operational systems. expression 2 A Stitch in Time Self-Regulation and Pro identification numberive Coping. Within a theoretical and chronological outline, obtained from study on public cognition, communal dealings, as well as nervous tension and dealing with it, the writers analyze the procedures by which individuals expect or notice possible stressors as well as act beforehand to stop them or to cancel out their force. The outline identifies 5 phases in practicable coping (1) reserve gathering, (2) acknowledgment of possible stressors, (3) preliminary evaluation, (4) basic managing attempts, and (5) el icitation in addition to utilization of opinion with reference to primary attempts. The writers explain the part of personal divergences, expertise, and capital on every phase. They draw fear towards the exclusive forecasts afforded by a concentration on practical management as well as the significance of considering how individuals stay away from as well as compensate possible stressors. Individuals are variously recommended to be on familiar terms with indications signifying that problem is forthcoming and to do something to anticipate or to change magnitude an unpleasant incident. In fact, in a number of life fields, individuals experience excellent results or avoid terrible ones as a result of their practical attempts. Effective proactive coping involves the mustering of time, money, planning and organizational skills, social support, and, to the extent possible, the management of the chronic burden so that when, inevitably, stressors are detected, one is prepared as much as p ossible to manage them (Aspinwall & Taylor, pp. 421, 1997). Article 3 Beyond Self-Management Antecedents and Consequences of Team Empowerment. The utilization of work groups carries on developing. It is a team of persons who work interdependently to steady down issues or to do work. As both the utilization of work groups within business along with the level of study on groups has improved, researchers have concentrated more than to worker empowerment. Research on empowered groups has fallen behind on self-managing groups, or groups whose associates organize them, allocate occupations, and plan. Self-managing groups have been linked with high efficiency, excellent client service, security, professional contentment, and organizational assurance. A number of associates make use of the terms empowered groups and self-managing groups identically however, others distinguish the perceptions (Kirkman & Rosen, pp. 63-64, 1999). Irrespective of the semantic uncertainty, there has been very pure amount of practical work on groups strictly termed as empowered groups. Lately, a hypothetical model of empowered group has been developed that differentiates the concept from self-managing groups. The object glass of this article was to test theory created by the model of group empowerment.

Discuss the qualities of effective business leaders. Reference at Research Paper

Discuss the qualities of effective business leaders. Reference at least two business leaders . What methods do they use to develop a culture of motivation and high performance - Research Paper ExampleThey should stupefy the ability to influence their subordinates in a positive demeanor with the aim that they are motivated to perform much better. A democratic working style is much better than an authoritarian working style for the leader. A leader with a democratic outlook will strive towards the betterment of the organization rather than his personal benefits. Effective business leaders are unremarkably self-starters and they themselves always strive to improve their performance. They make themselves always available in their organization (Harvard Business School, Becoming an effective leader).Leaders should be visionaries and they should have the capability to articulate their vision to their employees. They should have good communication skills they should be willing to take ri sks and always should have the willingness to learn (Holbeche, L., Motivating People in Lean Organizations).Bill Gates has been described many a times as a fierce competitor but no one quarter deny the fact that he is a great visionary who has always been a step ahead of his times. Microsoft has certain practices that contribute in motivating their employees. The yield designers of Microsoft work in small teams. They are provided assignments that are challenging and they are also given recognition for their work. Performance assessment is carried out twice a year in Microsoft. Certain performance objectives are set and employees may compare themselves against those objectives. These self-evaluations are rated by their managers. The rating ranges from exceptional to a very natural depression level. The low level of performance means that it is not matching up to a certain minimum standard. The good performance is rewarded by increase in salary. Bill Gates personally visits those e mployees who have performed exceedingly well and they are honored for their achievement. The employees are awarded by giving shares of the company to

Obesity and health clubs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Obesity and health friendships - Essay ExampleThe reason for this could have been imputable to the rise in membership fees, which account for 75% to 85% of health club earnings. An alternative cause could be that health clubs are expending little than before, which accounts for a decrease in company expenditure. According to a report by Mintel (2011), the health and fitness club market has 5.33 million users, and as antecedently mentioned, this figure is predicted to increase with the upcoming Olympics. Market Trends The health club market has had some positive turns collect to increasing awareness of obesity problems, and negative turns due to the economic crisis. Obesity In the UK, the high rate of obesity is a very serious problem that requires action to be taken. The following statistics by tonic water (2011) are obesity predictions for 2050 60% of men, 50% of women, and 25% of children. This is a very large percentage of the population. In 2010 (confirm year), the governme nt created a scheme in England called Change4Life, which aimed to limiting the lives of the population of England by altering diet and exercise habits. This public encouragement of exercise could have influenced the rise we now see in health club use. Public and Private Health Clubs However, due to the current economic crisis, it is becoming difficult for health club members to pay the annual fees. In addition, as quite a little are looking to decrease spending, health clubs are likely to be considered unnecessary during hard times, despite member loyalty. With an increase in government spending on health and welfare, public health clubs have seen improvements and increases in available resources. However, this does not benefit private health clubs like Virgin, which rely on membership numbers to generate profit. Distribution Health clubs provide a service in exchange for payment of membership fees. Some clubs also charge a joining fee. Once fees are paid, members stooge utilise the facilities as they please within the timeframe they have purchased. Health clubs often have an additional system where consumers can pay less for access to fewer facilities. At health clubs, members can also purchase items like water bottles or food, and often health-related products such as protein shakes and powder. Virgin prompt is a chain of health clubs with 194 locations throughout South Africa, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Australia, and the United Kingdom. As of April 2011, Virgin Active had 69 health clubs in the UK, with a total of 265,000 members this averages at 3,841 members per club. The fee to join a Virgin Active health club ranges from a monthly fee of ?50 to ?90. Virgin Actives Competitors According to Mintel (2011), the leading fitness and health clubs in the industry in 2011 were David Lloyd with 450,000 large members, Virgin Active with 419,000 adult members, Fitness First with 400,000 adult members, DW Sports Fitness with 250,000 adult members, LA Fitness with 215,000 adult members, Bannatyne Fitness 180,000 adult members, and Nuffield with 150,000 adult members. After Virgin Actives purchase of the Esporta business, the company move into second place

Terms comparison paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Terms comparison paper - Essay ExampleThe subject of damages in economics is a bootless concern because as simple as it looks, costs assume many forms and applications. As convention tout ensembley defined, cost means the amount of money paid for a certain product or service. According to Encyclopedia Britannica (par. 1), cost in common usage, (is) the monetary value of goods and services that producers and consumers purchase. What make the concept of cost gainsay in microeconomics is the diverse types or classifications attached to it. Since microeconomics encompass the study of the behavior of individuals, firms, and industries in terms of producing and consuming of economic goods and services, the concept of cost is relevant as it affects microeconomic activities of the units concerned. For consumers and individuals who are not familiar with the concepts of costs, one might have the tendency to discard this as irrelevant and immaterial. However, close examination of these under lying theories would exonerate consumers on their effects on prices and quantities of goods which are normally offered to the public. This concept is also relevantly applicable to the health care industry.It is interesting to note that in economics, all costs are considered opportunity costs. As rationalized by Petroff (2002, par. 2), resources are usually indented for a particular purpose. When goods are produced using a definite resource, other goods could not be produced using the same raw materials. To use a practical application, for a consumer who decided to buy a television set, the opportunity cost could be the value of a trip to a nearby beach resort which was not taken due to the purchase.In health care, the concept of opportunity cost is best exemplified by the number of years in terms of lives saved and the improvement in the quality of life should monetary resources be spent on an alternative medical intervention suggested or recommended for a diagnosed health care pro cedure.

Patriotic Sentiment in the Interwar Essay Example for Free

Patriotic Sentiment in the Inter fight EssayThe creation of the British conglomerate and its contributions to the welfare of its colonies was used by many English historians as a source of justification for its existence and future. Needless to say, many English historians would naturally put the British Empire as the empire that aspired for assimilation and multiculturalism, which had been absent in previous empires (although this is debat fitting) (Aldrich 198824). Added to that, because of the perceived inferiority of the colonise peoples, many of these historians usually attached to the white man the significant graphic symbol of guardian (Aldrich 198825). In recent years however, this notion of racial superiority was replaced by the principles of equality and self-determinations. This was in lieu of the increasing surge of patriotic sentiments of the settled peoples and a general compromise of the colonial mightinesss over the future of the former colonies, as mandated by the United Nations. Modern English historians, while continuing to apologize the existence and foundation of the British Empire, admitted some of the mistakes and grave errors usually attributed to the British Empire.Nonetheless, they argued that these mistakes were committed out of necessity. Other colonial powers were greedily aspiring to replace Britain in its role as a superpower. Germany for instance, before the onset of the First World War, was building a powerful navy to replace Britain as a ocean power. France was busy eyeing British colonies in Central Africa for its own ontogenesis. In short, the errors committed by big(p) Britain to its colonies were a result of self-defense.Added to that, in gild for the colonies to bene hit from British colonial rule, the colonized peoples would have to sacrifice some of their outdated or primitive institutions and adopt institutions that are characterized by efficiency and commitment to public service. These justifications make b y English historians on the role and future of the British Empire were imbued in the study of history. History as a Tool for Application of conjectural Knowledge The use of history to justify the existence and foundation of the British Empire was not born out of prejudice or unsubstantiated truths.In fact, early English historians noted that history should be as scientific as possible in order to represent the true nature of founding events. Added to that, these English historians viewed history as an application tool for upgrading the policy-making, social, and scotch systems of the world today. Specifically, knowledge of the end of the British Empire would naturally pave to greater solidarity and reason between former colonies and the m opposite country (the colonizer) that they have a common history, and to some extent similar social, economic, and semipolitical structures.Although for the common viewer this might calculate a little idealistic and devoid of historical veri fication, this was the practical side of the scientific discipline of history, if we accord them to these English historians. Thus, the extensive use of history as a tool for the political understanding of countries with a common history was the result of theoretical justification of English historians on the existence and rule of the British Empire to about a large portion of the Earths population.This was though a problem for many local historians in the former colonies. They extensively used history as a tool for demonizing their colonial oppressors the justification of independence movements and revolutions. This dialectic aspect of history, depending on the one who views it, disoriented historical data, make the discipline of history itself the vantage point of uncertainty (Aldrich, 2000). Herein, we shall examine the various practices that were incorporated in a large, common society.Nonetheless, we shall also examine power dealings between the mother country and its colonie s as well as the issue of tolerance and cultural differences. Cultural Toleration in the British Empire When England last defeated France and Spain in a series of colonial wars, it was able to establish colonies in North America and Asia (Africa was not the target of colonization since it was viewed as an liveable and inhospitable continent although commercial bases were established to streamline trade and commerce with other European powers) (Baldwin, 2007).England was able to acquire Malacca from the Portuguese in the latter(prenominal) half(a) of the 16th century. India and Canada fell into the hands of the British after Frances defeat in the Seven Years War (called French and Indian Wars in North America). The eastern coast of the present United States was colonized by England (the Thirteen Colonies) to foster greater trade between North America and England (it was cognize as New England). Australia and New Zealand were colonized to provide the British Empire penal colonies for the rouge elements of British society.Rebels and political prisoners were deported to these penal colonies. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, Britain was able to take possession of several Chinese ports after a series of wars with China, then under the rule of the Manchus (known as Opium Wars). In to the south America and the Caribbean, some islands were colonized by the British to offset Spanish and French power in the area (although in the early part of the 19th century, Spain controlled at least 2/3 of the land area of North, Central, and South America).In the European partition of Africa, Britain controlled a large portion of North, Central, and Southern Africa. These colonized areas minus the 13 colonies were known as the British Empire. The British fostered a policy of cultural toleration to discourage the native population from revolting. Moslems, Hindus, Taoists, Buddhists, and other eastern religions existed side by side with Christianity in matters like trade and commerce. Temples of different religions were treated with respect and dignity by British authorities.Nonetheless, British rulers especially sissy Victoria even traveled to the colonies to inspect and inspire the native populations to support Great Britain in its economic undertakings, for the benefit of the mother country and the colonies, and its colonial wars with other European powers (especially France and Germany). Religious festivals were declared as holidays, with some exceptions, to foster greater solidarity with the native population. English was not an enforced language. This was done to preserve and enrich the civilization of the native populations.The British educational system was introduced to stimulate greater economic efficiency in the colonies. The British parliament, in its sessions, declared that education was the only arguable and least risky way of opening the colonies to true development. The British parliament and to some extent the British rule rs knew that there were form of British economic exploitation in the colonies, thus the only way for them to recreate the image of the British Empire was to encourage education.English was taught in the universities (other European powers loathed this vitrine of strategy) established orthogonal Britain. Economic and maritime schools were also established to stimulate the natives to increase their productivity yield and to participate in naval undertakings. Nonetheless, the British army was remodeled in order to include natives in the soldier payroll. At a specified rank, a native could rise to a prominent rank in the military.Needless to say, to fit in the global economy, Britain also created institutions that would politically and socially coalesce the mother country and the colonies. The old models of exploitation and oppression were replaced by systems of mutual cooperation and commitment to a common economic goal. Thus, these contributions of the Britain to its colonies becam e the framework of early English historians for justifying the existence of the British Empire. Patriotism and Nationalism The Beginning of Decline Nationalistic sentiment in the colonies grew in the latter beginning of the 20th century.Because of the relative prosperity of the colonies, some of its natives were able to study in European universities and able to acquire the increasing surge of ultra-nationalism (nationalism in Europe differs from the nationalism of the colonies on one count nationalism in European countries focused on the acquisition of colonies to bring glory to the country, whereas in the colonies on independence) in Europe. When they returned to their homeland, they established organizations which aimed of attaining independence or self-governance status of their homelands.The British authorities naturally would quell these uprisings since this put into question the status quo, and generally the legitimacy of the British Empire. Power Relations But because of the involvement of Great Britain in the two World Wars, it was forced to grant self-governance status to many of its colonies in exchange for economic and military support (in India, Gandhi urged the Indians to fight on the side of the British). However, because of the changing political atmosphere in Britain at that time, the British authorities once more abject these independence movements.Many were forced to go underground. Some seek political asylum in America or The Netherlands. Added to that, political theory and political education were deleted in the course curriculum of many universities for fear that the British might close the institutions. The purpose of the British authorities was always to preserve the rule of the British Crown on the colonies. All means were therefore necessary in order to dissipate these independence movements. Thus, while the British were open to cultural toleration, they loathed political development in the colonies.Political development is the measu re of citizen participation in the affairs of the government. Political development is largely a relationship between the the great unwashed and the country to which they owe their citizenship. The British authorities were enforcing a policy of mother dependency, that is, the political, social, and economic future of the colonies should depend on the mother country. Later Vladimir Lenin spread out this concept and renamed it as the dependency relations. The mother country, according to Lenin, when its reaches the height of economic development experiences shortfalls and recessions due to overproduction.The surplus produce of the mother country is dumped to the colonies since colonies are potential drop markets. In this way, economic recessions in the mother country are kept in check, and the laboring class enjoys relative prosperity, at the expense of the colonies. This is a uni-directional type of development unlike the so-called mutual development that Britain was preaching (as exemplified in Africa, in Ramsay, 2000/1784). Practices and Institutions that Became Part of the Colonies Society The TragedyBritish colonies can be assort into two categories 1) those that fully accepted British practices and institutions, 2) those who only accepted British political and educational institutions. India, Pakistan, former British African colonies, and former British Asian colonies adopted the political and educational institutions of Great Britain because of its efficiency and relative good organization. The parliamentary system became the standard system of government of near of the former colonies of Great Britain. It was noted that this type of government adheres to the principles of public accountability and stability.Most of the former colonies of Great Britain using this type of government experience relative stability and in effect(p) governance (Toynbee, 1987401). The tragedy lies on the second type of former colonies. These colonies fully adopted British practices and institutions at the expense of native practices and customs. In Australia and New Zealand for example, most of the population is classified as of British or European descent. When the British came to New Zealand, they dispossessed the Maori through fraudulent land contracts and generally through war (that severely reduced the Maori population by 1/8.The British authorities encouraged immigration to these places (Australia and New Zealand) to reinvigorate economic activities to these places. The result was that New Zealand and Australia became an backstage of British society mirror images of England. The Maori who were the true owners of the country was exploited and dispossessed by the British. In the case of Canada, because of strong French influence (former French colony), the British authorities had the difficulty of making Canada a cultural sphere of influence of Britain.In fact, cultural differences in Canada serve as the marking definition of power relations in Canada. Conclusion While many English historians talk endlessly of a Commonwealth under the banner of Great Britain, they were not able to pinpoint the opportunity costs of the colonization on the part of the colonies. There is no such thing as a common society, for the British Empire created two types of societies in its sphere of geopolitics. The only intersection of these societies is the institutions bequeathed to them by the British Empire.Socially, these societies differ significantly because the British Empire was not able to fully integrate its customs and practices to most of its colonies due to the onset of nationalism and patriotic sentiments of the native populations (in Australia and New Zealand, there was no such thing as a political native population since they were able to reduce their populations through wars and enforced immigration policies).ReferencesAldrich, Richard. 1988. Imperialism in the study and teaching of history. In Benefits Bestowed? Education and Bri tish Imperialism. Manchester and New York Manchester University Press, pp. 23-38.